Widely esteemed for her expertise in criminal law, Justice Miriam Naor was born in Jerusalem on October 26, 1947. Her father, Naftaly Lerner-Naor (1905–1968), an engineer, was born in Odessa, Russia, immigrated to Palestine in 1922, and studied civil engineering at the Hebrew Technion in Haifa. In 1944 he married Batya (née Karklinsky), who was born in Lithuania in 1910, immigrated to Palestine in 1930, studied nursing at the Hadassah School of Nursing in Jerusalem, and worked as a nurse. A son, Menachem, was born in 1945.

Miriam Naor completed her law studies cum laude at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1971 and was accepted to the bar in the following year. From 1972 until 1979 she served as deputy state attorney in the Ministry of Justice. Sworn in as a judge in the Jerusalem Magistrates’ Court in January 1980, she was at the time the youngest judge in Israel. In May 1989, after serving as an acting judge from April 1988, she became a judge in the Jerusalem District Court. She also served as head of the court for Anti-Trust Law. In August 2000 she was appointed deputy president of the Jerusalem court for public administration matters and from June 2001 until the end of March 2002 sat as an acting justice in the Supreme Court. This became a permanent position in June 2003.

Justice Naor served on the panels of judges that dealt with highly complex cases that were widely publicized because they related either to the crimes of public figures or prominent businessmen, or to the most severe of crimes. Among such cases was the prosecution of what was known as the “bank shares manipulation of 1983,” in which managers and accountants of the principal Israeli banks were the defendants. They were accused of committing serious economic crimes since, for several years, they actively intervened to promote the share prices of their banks, causing a collapse of the shares in 1983. After writing a long, complex, and well-argued judgment, which won high praise from the Supreme Court justices sitting as a Court of Appeal, Naor did not hesitate to sentence the heads of the banks to unprecedentedly heavy punishment, ranging from one year’s imprisonment to a two-year suspended sentence, while also imposing fines of up to one million shekels. In 1999, after a long and complex trial, the District Court, with Naor on the panel of judges, found Aryeh Deri, a former minister in the Israeli government, guilty of having over a long period accepted bribes, received money on false pretenses and committed breach of trust. The court imposed a four-year term of imprisonment. In 2000, after the Supreme Court rejected part of his appeal, it reduced his sentence from four years to three. This was the first occasion on which a former member of the cabinet was jailed.

Another famous case was the indictment of a senior civil servant on three charges. The district court found the civil servant guilty of attempting to accept bribes and fraud and breach of trust in the first charge but exonerated him regarding all offenses in the second and third charges. The defendant appealed to the Supreme Court for his indictment in the first charge and the state appealed his exoneration. The Supreme Court, in a panel of three justices including Naor, acquitted the defendant because of lack of sufficient evidence in the first charge. However, Justice Naor added a minority opinion accepting the State’s appeal to indict the defendant for fraud and breach of trust in the third charge. Justice Naor decided that the accused was fully aware of the criminal nature of his actions, a fact that lent a degree of corruption to his actions. In a review in 2004 before nine justices, Naor’s minority opinion was accepted by the court, which in addition convicted the civil servant of fraud and breach of trust in the first charge.

Naor’s decisions in these and other, less famous, cases are always based on profound legal knowledge and on rigorous analysis of the facts.

In December 2004 Naor was appointed head of the Ministry of Justice Committee for Criminal Procedure, which advises the Minister of Justice on matters relating to Criminal procedures. In January 2015, she was selected to be the President of Israel’s supreme court in January 2015; she served in this position until October 2017. She has also served as the President of the Zionist Supreme Court of the World Zionist Organization since 2018. In 2020, she was appointed by the Israeli government to lead the task force probing the disaster that occurred at Mount Meron on April 30, 2020.

From 1972 to 2001 Naor lectured on various subjects in the Law Faculty of the Hebrew University. In 1975 she married Arye Naor (b. 1940), a professor of public policy and administration at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Their twin sons, Naftaly and Michael, were born in 1976.