Shelomith was the daughter of Zerubbabel, a governor (c. 520–510 B.C.E.) of the postexilic province of Yehud. She is the only woman mentioned among the descendants of David in 1 Chronicles. As a woman’s name, Shelomith is otherwise mentioned only in Leviticus (24:11). It is a fairly common man’s name (1 Chr 23:9, 18; 2,6:28; 2 Chr 11:20; 26:25; Ezra 8:10), although in Ezra and 2 Chronicles 11, the names could just as well designate women. In 1 Chr 3:19, Shelomith is listed as the sister of Meshullam and Hananiah rather than as the daughter of Zerubbabel, their father. This awkward designation led some older commentators to suggest that she was either the head or founder of an important family or had a “marked personality.”

The discovery of a late-sixth-century B.C.E. Judean seal (an inscribed stone used as an official “signature”) with the name Shelomith inscribed alongside that of Elnathan the governor has opened new possibilities for understanding Shelomith’s role in Judean society. The seal reads: “Belonging to Shelomith, maidservant of Elnathan the governor.” The word for “maidservant” is amah, which can connote a high status or honorific title, as well as marital status, when it is associated with an important official such as Elnathan the governor. Shelomith could well have been the co-regent as well as spouse of Elnathan, who is mentioned as governor in another seal.

The importance of Shelomith’s marriage to the governor who succeeded her father, Zerubbabel, a scion of the royal Davidic family, cannot be over-stated. In the Judean restoration, Zerubbabel’s acceptance of limited civil power alongside Joshua the high priest was symbolic of the commitment of the new Jewish leadership to cooperate with Persian imperial policy. Scholars have regularly asserted that the transition to limited autonomy under Zerubbabel and Joshua was traumatic. The inclusion of a female Davidic descendant as amah with Elnathan was certainly one way of solidifying local support for the Persian-appointed administration. In any case, Shelomith’s involvement in the public arena may testify to the changing status of women in the Persian period.